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These annual research reports detail the numbers of students with disabilities in higher education in Ireland during the academic year.

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Foreign workers are a growing segment of the Canadian labour force. Approximately 613,200 foreign nationals in Canada held work permits in 2016 - more than twice the number of foreign workers a decade earlier (294,300 in 2005). Since the mid-1960s, agriculture has been one of the main recipients of foreign workers in Canada, and several programs are available to agriculture firms looking to fill their employment shortages by hiring foreign workers. This study documents annual trends in employment and earnings of foreign workers employed in agriculture and various subsectors of agriculture, as well as the characteristics of foreign workers in this industry. It also examines transitions to permanent residence for those who entered Canada as foreign workers and worked in agriculture. The main objective of the analysis is to provide a deeper understanding of the use of foreign worker programs in agriculture in Canada.

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Technology is disrupting labor markets. We analyze the demand and reward for skills at occupation and state level across two time periods using job postings. First, we use principal components analysis to derive nine skills groups: 'collaborative leader', 'interpersonal and organized', 'big data', 'cloud computing', 'programming', 'machine learning', 'research', 'math' and 'analytical'. Second, we comment on changes in the price and demand for skills over time. Third, we analyze non-linear returns to all skills groups and their interactions. We find that 'collaborative leader' skills become significant over time and that legacy data skills are replaced over time by innovative ones.

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Originating as a health crisis in early 2020, the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic quickly affected economies and labour markets across the globe. Policymakers were looking for rapid information on the impacts of the pandemic on enterprises and workers in order to inform policy decisions, including immediate crisis responses such as support schemes for heavily affected industries and social protection for workers. Some of the main policy questions included: What are the overall impacts of the crisis on firms and people? Which types of firms and workers have been most heavily affected? Which policies can best address the labour market impacts of the crisis?

The overall objective of this report is to provide policymakers, development practitioners and social partners with a better understanding of the different types of employment diagnostic approaches that have been undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic. It affords the opportunity to evaluate the approaches taken and learn from the different experiences and innovations adopted. This will help inform the production of timely and relevant employment diagnostics in the future for ILO constituents, development partners and other stakeholders.

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Although a wealth of research has shown that financial aid reduces hurdles to college enrollment, relatively little is known about how aid affects students after they are enrolled, much less how students react to the common occurrence of losing aid midway through their college careers. Using longitudinal data on four cohorts of Tennessee public college students, [the authors] find that failing to renew merit scholarships decreases credit loads, decreases the likelihood of declaring a major, increases labor force participation and earnings while enrolled, and increases the likelihood of leaving college without a degree for the workforce. Together, findings suggest that losing financial aid weakens students' engagement with college, particularly at the extensive margin.

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While research consistently finds positive earnings returns to educational attainment, there is little evidence on postsecondary education's impact on other employment-related outcomes. Yet nonpecuniary returns to schooling are particularly important in the United States, where fringe benefits are typically tied to employment and there is a great degree of variation in job quality. Using longitudinal data following a nationally representative sample of young persons who enrolled in at least some college education, this paper examines nonpecuniary labor market outcomes associated with different levels of postsecondary educational attainment. Overall, the results indicate that increasing levels of postsecondary educational attainment positively predict a number of beneficial employment outcomes. This is particularly the case for fringe benefits. After controlling for participants' backgrounds and educational experiences, attainment positively predicts access to employer-provided health and dental insurance, retirement, and paid leave. Results concerning job satisfaction and flexibility are weaker and more complex.

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Graduates from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are usually found to have higher wages and a lower risk of overqualification. However, it is unclear whether the effect of STEM subjects on overqualification and wages [can be interpreted] in a causal way, since individuals choosing these subjects might differ systematically in unobserved characteristics, such as ability. Using data on German male graduates [the authors] show that unobserved heterogeneity indeed matters for differences in the risk of overqualification and wages when STEM graduates are compared to the business and law group, while it plays only a minor role for the difference between STEM graduates and the social sciences and humanities group.

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Equitable access to quality tertiary education has explicitly been incorporated into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) under Target 4.3, which states that by 2030, countries commit to ensuring equal access for all women and men to affordable quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university. In line with these global development goals and in response to popular desires for expanded opportunity, access to tertiary education has been expanding rapidly around the world, albeit with significant variation cross-nationally. In many countries, the growth of access to tertiary education has been accompanied by a growth in the number of private institutions, often considered an important policy option for countries to meet unmet demand for tertiary education. Enrolments in private institutions now accounts for roughly one-third of all enrolments globally. However, there is concern that the growth of private higher education, which tends to be tuition-dependent, could exacerbate inequalities in access, and a number of country-specific studies have found that private tertiary sectors cater to the wealthiest segments of their societies.

This study was prepared for the Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report as part of the GEM Report Fellowship. It seeks to contribute to the knowledge base on cross-national trends in inequalities in tertiary education by answering two inter-related questions: (1) how large are inequalities in attendance and completion in tertiary education; and (2) is the size of the private tertiary sector associated with inequalities in attendance? To answer these two questions, the study draws on data from the World Inequality Database in Education (WIDE) to calculate inequalities in access to higher education and their relationship with the private sector through a regression analysis of national-level data.

Regression analyses suggest that the size of the private tertiary sector is not always related to overall inequalities, which are likely driven by many other direct factors, including unequal secondary completion rates and policies governing access to the public sector. However, the size of the private sector is consistently positively associated with inequalities in access to tertiary education in upper middle-income countries. As such, the findings suggest that when the private sector is associated with unequal entry rates to tertiary, it seems to operate by facilitating admission to tertiary education among the wealthiest quintile, relative to other groups. This is likely because middle-income countries have growing numbers of students who are both eligible for tertiary education and have disposable income to pay for access through the private sector when not accepted into the public sector. The report concludes with recommendations for improving data collection and future research on the private sector and inequalities in tertiary education.

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In this paper we aim to examine and forecast the underemployment trend in Malaysia. We primarily focus on two measurements of underemployment which are time-related and skill-related underemployment for a period of ten years starting from 2005 to 2015. To forecast the number of time-related and skill-related underemployment for 2016 we use exponential smoothing forecast method. The data and other information related to underemployment in Malaysia are collected from Department of Statistics, Malaysia. The study found that although the proportion of time-related underemployment over employment is relatively stable during the ten years period, the number of skill-related underemployment is increasing by years. Females are mostly affected by both time-related and skill-related underemployment.

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On Track is a Victorian Government initiative which surveys school leavers who have left school in the last six months to find out if they are on track to a bright future. On Track ensures school leavers are contacted within six months of leaving school to see if they are on a path to further education, training or employment. This report presents results from the 2010 interviews with 4299 young Victorians, as part of the longitudinal component of the On Track program. These young people either completed a Year 12 or equivalent certificate in 2007 or left school before receiving a Year 12 certificate during 2007. All of those interviewed in 2010 had been interviewed in 2008 as part of the regular On Track program and in 2009 as part of the longitudinal program. This cohort of young people will be interviewed again in 2011, and a final report on their post-school pathways will be released in late 2011.

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